Science Society

In this episode, we delve deep into the world of cognitive control with Dr. Fradkin as we discuss how people deal with unwanted thoughts. Although much research has been focused on external interferences, we shift the focus to internal, unwanted thoughts, examining the balance between reactive and proactive control in mitigating these. We discuss how reactive thought control entails slower response times due to the need to reject and replace recurring thoughts. Proactive thought control, on the other hand, implies a constricted search space leading to faster response times. With the help of a computational model, we delve deeper into proactive thought control mechanisms, exploring how individuals can reduce the episodic strengthening of repeated thoughts and avoid looping in a repetitive thought cycle. We also touch upon the link between the control over unwanted thoughts and individual differences, which can contribute to our understanding of psychiatric conditions associated with intrusive thoughts. Lastly, we discuss how associative thinking and various control processes influence semantic fluency, decision-making, and creativity.Keywords: Cognitive Control, Unwanted Thoughts, Reactive Control, Proactive Control, Associative Thinking, Episodic Strengthening, Repetitive Thoughts, Computational Model, Semantic Fluency, Decision-Making, Creativity, Psychiatric Conditions.Fradkin I, If you don't let it in, you don't have to get it out: Thought preemption as a method to control unwanted thoughts. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010285. PMID: 35834438; PMCID: PMC9282588.

In this episode, we welcome Dr. Lanna, who sheds light on a novel mechanism of T-cell rejuvenation that could significantly impact our understanding of immune protection. Traditionally, it's thought that T lymphocytes activate telomerase to avoid senescence. However, Dr. Lanna introduces us to a distinct process independent of telomerase action, where certain T cells, primarily naive and central memory cells, elongate their telomeres by receiving telomere vesicles from antigen-presenting cells (APCs). She explains the fascinating process of how APCs degrade shelterin to donate telomeres, which are then cleaved by the telomere trimming factor TZAP and transferred to T cells via extracellular vesicles. We delve into how these telomere vesicles, retaining the Rad51 recombination factor, enable telomere fusion, effectively lengthening T-cell chromosome ends. Dr. Lanna discusses the implications of these antigen-specific T cell populations, whose aging decisions are based on telomere vesicle transfer, hinting at a potential mechanism for long-lasting immune protection.Keywords: T Lymphocytes, Telomerase, Senescence, Antigen-Presenting Cells, Telomere Vesicles, TZAP, Rad51 Recombination Factor, Immune Protection, Telomere Elongation.Lanna, A., et al. An intercellular transfer of telomeres rescues T cells from senescence and promotes long-term immunological memory. Nat Cell Biol (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-022-00991-z

Join us in this thought-provoking episode with Dr. Dumas, where we explore the fascinating world of the developing brain and its cognitive abilities. Dr. Dumas presents a neurocomputational model of the developing brain, outlining three tasks of increasing complexity, from visual recognition to cognitive manipulation and conscious percept management. She emphasizes two crucial mechanisms in the development of cognitive abilities in biological neural networks: synaptic epigenesis and self-organized dynamics. Dr. Dumas explains the concept of synaptic epigenesis, which involves Hebbian learning at the local scale and reinforcement learning at the global scale. She also elaborates on self-organized dynamics, emphasizing the role of spontaneous activity and a balanced excitatory/inhibitory ratio in neurons. The conversation further explores the implications of these findings on future developments in artificial intelligence, underlining the core features of human intelligence that could be used as guiding principles.Keywords: Cognitive Abilities, Neurocomputational Model, Synaptic Epigenesis, Self-Organized Dynamics, Hebbian Learning, Reinforcement Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Human Intelligence, Neurodevelopmental.Multilevel development of cognitive abilities in an artificial neural network https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2201304119 This could guide future development in artificial intelligence.

Join us in a stimulating conversation with Dr. Frank as we explore the concept of intelligence on a planetary scale. Shifting away from conventional views of intelligence as a property of individuals or collectives, Dr. Frank introduces the intriguing idea that the emergence of technological intelligence could be seen as a planetary transition. Drawing parallels with theories about the origin of life as a planetary event, Dr. Frank presents a fresh perspective on the evolution of life and intelligence at the planetary level, far beyond the traditional focus on individual species. This episode delves into how this broader understanding of planetary intelligence could influence three distinct areas: Earth Systems and Exoplanet studies; Anthropocene and Sustainability studies; and Technosignatures and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI). Tune in as we discuss the implications of planetary intelligence on predicting possible paths of the long-term evolution of inhabited planets, including Earth and potential extraterrestrial worlds.Keywords: Planetary Intelligence, Earth Systems, Exoplanet Studies, Anthropocene, Sustainability, Technosignatures, Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Technological Intelligence, Evolution.Frank, A., Grinspoon, D., & Walker, S. (2022). Intelligence as a planetary scale process. International Journal of Astrobiology, 21(2), 47-61. doi:10.1017/S147355042100029X

This episode presents a captivating discussion with James Weiss on his team's significant findings in the diverse world of microbes. Despite many microbial species escaping detection due to their low numbers or dormancy, Weiss's team has discovered the extraordinarily rare ciliate, Legendrea loyezae Fauré-Fremiet, 1908, in freshwater anoxic sediments. This discovery represents the sixth account of the ciliate since 1908. The conversation dives deep into the species' unique morphological features, such as its "shapeshifting" ability to control the full extension and retraction of its tube-like tentacles. Weiss also questions the validity of certain taxonomic decisions and proposes reclassifications based on morphological characters and tentacle movement. This episode is a testament to the rewards of persistent exploration of natural habitats and the exciting possibilities it offers for uncovering new microbial species and communities.Keywords: Microbial Diversity, Ciliates, Legendrea loyezae, Anoxic Sediments, Microbial Communities, Taxonomy, Shapeshifting, Morphological Features.The Extraordinarily Rare Ciliate Legendrea loyezae Fauré-Fremiet, 1908 (Haptoria, Ciliophora) by independent researcher James Weiss et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2022.125912

In this episode, Dr. Oliver shares his team's groundbreaking work on the use of a gallium-aluminum (Ga-Al) composite to enhance the formation of aluminum nanoparticles and facilitate water splitting to generate hydrogen at ambient conditions. He discusses how this Ga-Al composite can be synthesized using commercial aluminum, including post-consumer aluminum foil, eliminating the need for an inert atmosphere or mechanical aid. The conversation covers the scientific specifics, including the role of gallium in dissolving the aluminum oxide coating of the aluminum nanoparticles, enabling continuous water splitting and on-demand hydrogen generation through the Grotthuss mechanism. Dr. Oliver shares how the water-splitting reaction functions at ambient conditions and neutral pH and can use any source of water without generating chlorine gas. Importantly, he also highlights the reusability of gallium and how the Ga-Al alloy can be pre-prepared and stored for future use. As a practical demonstration of the potential applications of this technology, he discusses a hydrogenation reaction.Keywords: Water Splitting, Hydrogen Generation, Gallium-Aluminum Composite, Nanoparticles, Grotthuss Mechanism, Environmental Chemistry, Sustainability, Hydrogenation.Aluminum Nanoparticles from a Ga–Al Composite for Water Splitting and Hydrogen Generation https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.1c04331

In this enlightening episode, we are joined by acclaimed scientist Dr. Ed Boyden, a pioneer in the field of neuroscience. Dr. Boyden discusses the suite of tools his team is developing to map the location and identity of the molecular building blocks of biological systems like the brain, aiming to understand how their structures lead to function and dysfunction. He details the technology of expansion microscopy (ExM), which allows the imaging of preserved biological systems with nanoscale precision on ordinary microscopes. The conversation delves into his team's work on in situ RNA and DNA sequencing in intact biological systems, democratizing nanoresolution imaging, and potential applications for disease detection and understanding. The discussion also centers around Dr. Boyden's work on recording high-speed brain dynamics, involving innovations like new fluorescent reporters of cellular signals and new robotic and nanotechnological probes. The possibilities of closed-loop brain control technologies are also considered. Optogenetics, a field where Dr. Boyden has been instrumental, is explored extensively. Optogenetic tools allow for precise control of neural electrical activity and other physiological processes using light. The potential of these tools in neuroscience, bioengineering, and potential treatments of brain disorders is discussed.Lastly, Dr. Boyden shares his insights on understanding normal and pathological brain computations. His team's contributions to developmental biology, cancer, microbiology, virology, immunology, and aging through the application of their technologies are touched upon. The concept of implosion fabrication (ImpFab), a technology enabling the assembly of 3D nanomaterials, is also introduced.Keywords: Neuroscience, Brain Mapping, Expansion Microscopy, High-speed Brain Dynamics, Optogenetics, Brain Computation, Implosion Fabrication, Biological Systems, RNA sequencing, DNA sequencing. Ed Boyden, Ph.D. Y. Eva Tan Professor in Neurotechnology at MIT develops tools that image and control the brain and apply them to solve entire brain circuits. https://syntheticneurobiology.org/

In this riveting episode, Dr. Brujic delves into the fascinating world of particle self-assembly. We discuss a groundbreaking model system of colloidal droplet chains that leverage programmable DNA interactions to direct their folding into distinct geometries. As Dr. Brujic explains, it is possible to watch these droplets in real time and space, enabling researchers to unravel the rules of folding. Dr. Brujic describes the power of controlling the order in which interactions occur to guide folding into unique structures, termed "colloidal foldamers." We examine the capabilities of simple alternating sequences and explore how these sequences create a variety of foldamers in both two and three dimensions. By optimizing droplet sequence and adding an extra 'flavor', researchers are able to encode a significant portion of the 619 possible two-dimensional geometries. The conversation delves into how foldamers can exhibit open structures with holes, a promising aspect for porous design. The discussion also touches upon numerical simulations, which show that foldamers can interact to create complex supra colloidal architectures, including dimers, ribbons, and mosaics. Dr. Brujic emphasizes that their results have wide-ranging applications, from organic molecules to Rubik’s Snakes. The episode concludes with a discussion on the implications of this work in materials science, particularly how it places folding at the forefront of materials self-assembly. Keywords: Colloidal Self-Assembly, Foldamers, Programmable DNA Interactions, Material Science, Supracolloidal Architectures, Particle Self-Assembly, Porous Design.McMullen, A., Muñoz Basagoiti, M., Zeravcic, Z. et al. Self-assembly of emulsion droplets through programmable folding. Nature (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05198-8

Dr. Hergenrother joins us in this episode to discuss his groundbreaking work on developing antibiotics for challenging Gram-negative bacterial infections. He delves into the difficulties of creating drugs that can effectively bypass the formidable outer membrane and efflux pumps of Gram-negative pathogens to reach biological targets.A key point in our conversation revolves around the enzyme FabI - an enzyme that catalyzes the rate-determining step in bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis. While FabI inhibitors have been advanced to clinical trials for Staphylococcus aureus infections, Dr. Hergenrother and his team focus on utilizing them against Gram-negative bacteria.The discussion leads us to fabimycin, a promising compound resulting from synthesizing a suite of FabI inhibitors in accordance with permeation rules for Gram-negative bacteria. Fabimycin shows potent activity against more than 200 clinical isolates of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and A. baumannii without affecting commensal bacteria.We discuss the x-ray structures of fabimycin in complex with FabI, providing molecular insights into the inhibition process. Furthermore, we explore how fabimycin shows promise in various mouse models of Gram-negative bacterial infections, including a challenging urinary tract infection model.The conversation concludes with Dr. Hergenrother emphasizing the translational potential of fabimycin and the broader implications of his team's approach. This includes the assertion that systematic modification of antibiotics can lead to the development of effective treatments against Gram-negative bacteria.Keywords: Gram-Negative Bacteria, Antibiotics, FabI Inhibitors, Fabimycin, Drug Development, Bacterial Infections, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii.Iterative Approach Guides Discovery of FabI Inhibitor Fabimycin, Late-Stage Antibiotic Candidate w/ In Vivo Efficacy against Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.2c00598

In this episode, we are joined by Dr. Guerra, whose innovative work involves the exploration of in situ resource utilization (ISRU) on Mars using non-thermal plasmas and conducting membranes. Dr. Guerra discusses how plasmas can convert different molecules directly from the Martian atmosphere to create essential feed-stock and base chemicals for producing fuels, oxygen, building materials, and fertilizers.We delve into the various types of plasma sources that operate based on different principles and the associated dominant physicochemical mechanisms. This variety allows for the exploration of distinct energy transfer pathways leading to CO2 dissociation, encompassing direct electron-impact processes, plasma chemistry mediated by vibrationally and electronically excited states, and thermally driven dissociation.Dr. Guerra further explains how the merging of plasma and membrane technologies is still in its developmental stages, but anticipates a potential synergistic effect between plasma decomposition and oxygen permeation across conducting membranes.We discuss the scalability and versatility of this emerging technology and its potential to deliver high rates of production of molecules per kilogram of instrumentation sent to space. This makes it a promising candidate for future ISRU strategies on Mars.Throughout the conversation, Dr. Guerra emphasizes the potential of this innovative approach to unlock sustainable and efficient resource utilization on Mars, contributing to the broader goals of space exploration and potential colonization.Keywords: In Situ Resource Utilization, ISRU, Mars, Non-Thermal Plasmas, Conducting Membranes, Plasma Sources, CO2 Dissociation, Space Exploration.Plasmas for in situ resource utilization on Mars: Fuels, life support, and agriculture featured Journal of Applied Physics 132, 070902 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1063/

Join us in this episode as we host Dr. McCracken, a leading figure in kidney regenerative medicine. Dr. McCracken shares his team's remarkable findings in the directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into functional ureteric and collecting duct (CD) epithelia, which is a pivotal step in the field of kidney regenerative medicine.We begin our discussion by understanding how hPSCs are induced into pronephric progenitor cells with a 90% efficiency rate. These cells are then aggregated into spheres that closely resemble the molecular signature of the nephric duct. Within a three-dimensional matrix, these spheres develop into ureteric bud (UB) organoids that exhibit similar branching morphogenesis to the fetal UB and correct distal tip localization of RET expression.Dr. McCracken explains how the cells derived from these organoids successfully incorporate into the UB tips in chimeric fetal kidney explant culture. In the later stages, UB organoids differentiate into CD organoids, which contain more than 95% CD cell types, as estimated by single-cell RNA sequencing.Impressively, the CD epithelia demonstrate renal electrophysiologic functions, including ENaC-mediated vectorial sodium transport by principal cells and V-type ATPase proton pump activity by FOXI1-induced intercalated cells. Through our conversation with Dr. McCracken, listeners will gain a deeper understanding of this groundbreaking research and its implications for kidney regenerative medicine.Keywords: Kidney Regenerative Medicine, Human Pluripotent Stem Cells, hPSCs, Ureteric Bud, UB Organoids, Collecting Duct, CD Epithelia, Nephric Duct, ENaC, FOXI1.McCracken, et al. Human ureteric bud organoids recapitulate branching morphogenesis and differentiate into functional collecting duct cell types. 2022 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-022-01429-5

Join us for an enlightening episode featuring Dr. Miller, who shares his research focusing on the impact of mitochondrial DNA variants, particularly mitochondrial SNP rs2853499, on Alzheimer's Disease (AD), neuroimaging, and transcriptomics.Dr. Miller's team successfully mapped this SNP to a new mitochondrial small open reading frame called SHMOOSE, which has the potential to encode a microprotein. For the first time ever, they have detected two unique SHMOOSE-derived peptide fragments in mitochondria using mass spectrometry, marking an exciting breakthrough in the detection of mitochondrial-encoded microproteins.We delve into how levels of SHMOOSE in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) correlate with age, CSF tau, and brain white matter volume, providing crucial insight into the potential role of this microprotein in the onset and progression of AD.Dr. Miller also discusses the results of functional experiments his team conducted. These revealed that SHMOOSE acted on the brain following intracerebroventricular administration, influenced mitochondrial gene expression in multiple models, localized to mitochondria, bound the inner mitochondrial membrane protein mitofilin, and enhanced mitochondrial oxygen consumption.In this episode, listeners will gain a comprehensive understanding of Dr. Miller's groundbreaking work and its profound implications for the fields of neurobiology, Alzheimer’s disease, and microproteins.Keywords: Alzheimer's Disease, Mitochondria, Microproteins, Mitochondrial DNA variants, SHMOOSE, Neuroimaging, Transcriptomics, Mitofilin, Neurobiology.Miller, B., et al. Mitochondrial DNA variation in Alzheimer’s disease reveals a unique microprotein called SHMOOSE. Mol Psychiatry (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01769-3

Title: Revolutionizing Neuroscience: Wireless, Battery-free Optofluidics with Dr. WuDescription: On this episode, we're delighted to host Dr. Wu, who is at the forefront of developing innovative solutions for controlling neuronal activity in neuroscience research. His groundbreaking work centers on in vivo optogenetics and photopharmacology, techniques with vast potential but limited applicability due to the lack of suitable tools.Dr. Wu introduces us to a wireless, battery-free, programmable multilateral optofluidic platform designed for user-selected applications in optogenetics, pharmacology, and photopharmacology. This system boasts mechanically compliant microfluidic and electronic interconnects and offers dynamic control over drug delivery rates. Notably, it can be programmed in real-time to simultaneously control up to 256 separate devices within a single cage environment.Our conversation then dives into the potential of this technology in manipulating animal behavior. Dr. Wu shares results from his team's behavioral experiments, where they successfully controlled motor behaviors in grouped mice via in vivo optogenetics coupled with localized gene delivery and the controlled photolysis of caged glutamate.Join us as we delve into the future of neuroscience with Dr. Wu, exploring the many ways this optofluidic system can expand the scope of wireless techniques in the study of neural processing in animal models.Keywords: Neuroscience, Optogenetics, Phytopharmacology, Wireless Techniques, Battery-free, Optofluidics, Neurobiology, In Vivo Studies, Gene Delivery.Wireless multi-lateral optofluidic microsystems for real-time programmable optogenetics and photopharmacology Nat Commun 13, 5571 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32947-0

In this episode, we dive deep into the mysteries of ancient Chinese bronze casting with our esteemed guests, Dr. Liu and Professor Pollard. The duo brings to light an intriguing aspect of archaeological research—understanding ancient alloying practices, key to the mass production of Chinese bronzes.Our discussion centers around the Rites of Zhou, an Eastern Zhou text which has perplexed researchers for more than a century. It contains six formulae, or recipes, for casting different forms of bronze using two components: Jin and Xi. The exact interpretation of these components has remained elusive, leaving a gap in our comprehension of early metallurgical practices.Dr. Liu and Professor Pollard present a novel interpretation derived from their analyses of pre-Qin coinage. They propose that Jin and Xi were not pure metals as previously thought but pre-prepared copper-rich alloys. This suggests an additional, unaccounted step in the manufacturing process of copper-alloy objects, altering our understanding of this ancient technology.Join us as we unravel the intricacies of Chinese metallurgy with Dr. Liu and Professor Pollard, a journey of discovery that promises to fascinate linguists and archaeologists alike.Keywords: Ancient Chinese Bronze, Alloying Practices, Archaeology, Metallurgy, Rites of Zhou, Jin, Xi, Copper-rich Alloys, Pre-Qin Coinage.Cambridge University: Pollard, A., & Liu, R. (2022). The six recipes of Zhou: A new perspective on Jin (金) and Xi (锡). Antiquity, 1-14. doi:10.15184/aqy.2022.81

In this episode, we're exploring the fascinating intersection of nanotechnology and biology with Dr. Boghossian, who has been delving into the remarkable properties and potential of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) for cell nanobiotechnology.Our discussion revolves around Dr. Boghossian's groundbreaking work examining the uptake of SWCNTs in Gram-negative cyanobacteria. Her research uncovers a passive length-dependent and selective internalization of SWCNTs decorated with positively charged biomolecules, a previously unexplored aspect of SWCNT functionalization for transport across prokaryotic cell walls. Notably, her team showed that lysozyme-coated SWCNTs spontaneously penetrate the cell walls of both unicellular and multicellular strains. Using a custom-built spinning-disc confocal microscope, they were able to image the distinct near-infrared SWCNT fluorescence within the autofluorescent cells, revealing a highly inhomogeneous distribution of SWCNTs. Dr. Boghossian's work also dives into the biotechnological implications of this research. For example, she found that the nanobionic cells not only retained photosynthetic activity but also showed an improved photo-exoelectrogenicity when incorporated into bioelectrochemical devices. Join us in this episode as we journey through this innovative domain of cell nanobiotechnology with Dr. Boghossian. Keywords: Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, SWCNTs, Cell Nanobiotechnology, Cyanobacteria, Functionalization, Lysozyme-Coated SWCNTs, Nanobionic Cells, Photosynthetic Activity, Bioelectrochemical Devices.Antonucci, et al. Carbon nanotube uptake in cyanobacteria for near-infrared imaging and enhanced bioelectricity generation in living photovoltaics. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-022-01198-x

Social touch is an integral part of communication among many species, yet understanding the underlying pathways and mechanisms remains an intricate challenge. In this episode, we are joined by Dr. Dobolyi, whose research has brought new light to this fascinating area.Dr. Dobolyi's study revolves around the discovery of a novel neuronal pathway from the posterior intralaminar thalamic nucleus (PIL) to the medial preoptic area (MPOA) that plays a key role in controlling social grooming. The groundbreaking findings reveal that neurons in both the PIL and MPOA activate naturally through physical contact between female rats or chemogenetic stimulation of PIL neurons. Interestingly, these neurons were found to express the neuropeptide parathyroid hormone 2 (PTH2), and it was observed that central infusion of its receptor antagonist diminished social grooming.Intriguingly, the study also shows a similarity in the anatomical organization of the PIL and the distribution of the PTH2 receptor in the MPOA between rat and human brains, suggesting this pathway's potential relevance in human social behavior. Join us as we delve deep into the world of neurobiology, exploring the intricacies of social interaction and grooming behavior with Dr. Dobolyi.Keywords: Social Grooming, Posterior Intralaminar Thalamic Nucleus, Medial Preoptic Area, Neuronal Pathway, Parathyroid Hormone 2, Neurobiology, Social Behavior.A thalamo-preoptic pathway promotes social grooming in rodents https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.062 Social interaction increases activity in the posterior thalamus (PIL)

Monitoring the release of neurotransmitters at spatial and temporal scales relevant to neuron function has always been a scientific challenge. This episode welcomes Dr. Beyene, who has developed an innovative solution to improve our understanding of chemical neurotransmission.Dr. Beyene's groundbreaking research revolves around a chemi-sensitive, two-dimensional composite nanofilm that allows for the visualization of neurochemical dopamine release with unprecedented synaptic resolution and quantal sensitivity. This cutting-edge technology enables the observation of neurotransmitter release from hundreds of sites simultaneously, making it possible to monitor the spatiotemporal dynamics of dopamine release in dendritic processes—a phenomenon that has, until now, been poorly understood.One of the most significant discoveries was that dopamine release is 'broadcast' from a subset of dendritic processes, referred to as 'hotspots.' These hotspots were found to co-localize with Bassoon, a protein known for organizing active zones in axon terminals. This suggests that Bassoon may also contribute to organizing active zones in dendrites.Join us as we delve deep into the world of neurotransmission, exploring the intricacies of dopamine release, and discussing the possible implications of Dr. Beyene's findings for our understanding of neuronal communication.Keywords: Neurotransmission, Dopamine, Composite Nanofilm, Synaptic Resolution, Dendritic Processes, Bassoon, Neuronal Communication.Visualizing synaptic dopamine efflux with a 2D composite nanofilm https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.78773

In this riveting episode, we delve into the intricacies of glioblastoma, a devastating and incurable type of brain tumor, with Dr. Varun Venkataramani. A key focus of the discussion centers around his groundbreaking research on tumor cell networks and the surprising influence of neuronal mechanisms on glioblastoma cell invasion.Dr. Venkataramani's team discovered that certain glioblastoma cells lack connections with other tumor cells and astrocytes but intriguingly receive synaptic input from neurons. These cells, identified to correspond to neuronal and neural-progenitor-like tumor cell states via single-cell transcriptomics, appear to be responsible for whole-brain colonization. This discovery is consistent with both mouse models and observations in human patients.The team found that tumor cell invasion seems to mimic neuronal migration mechanisms, adopting a Lévy-like movement pattern as they explore their environment. Furthermore, neuronal activity was seen to trigger complex calcium signals in glioblastoma cells, leading to the formation of tumor microtubes (TMs) and an increase in invasion speed.Dr. Venkataramani's research provides a profound insight into the intricate relationship between glioblastoma dissemination and cellular heterogeneity, highlighting the instrumental role neuronal mechanisms play in these processes. Join us in this fascinating conversation as we delve deeper into the complexities of glioblastoma invasion and the potential implications of these findings for future treatment strategies.Keywords: Glioblastoma, Neuronal Mechanisms, Tumor Cell Networks, Invasion, Tumor Microtubes, Single-cell Transcriptomics, Brain Tumors.Venkataramani V et al. Glioblastoma hijacks neuronal mechanisms for brain invasion. Cell. 2022 Aug 4;185(16):2899-2917.e31. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.054. Epub 2022 Jul 31. PMID: 35914528.

In this episode, we explore how groundbreaking scientific advancements are providing solutions to prevent injury to the cardiac conduction system (CCS) during heart surgeries, a critical yet elusive network of cells embedded within the heart. Our guest, Dr. Goodyer, is leading the charge in this domain.Dr. Goodyer's team has engineered targeted antibody-dye conjugates that specifically bind to the CCS, enabling its visualization in mice in vivo with high sensitivity, specificity, and resolution. This development provides the potential to avoid accidental damage to the CCS during cardiac procedures.Expanding on this innovation for human use, Dr. Goodyer's team developed a fully human monoclonal Fab that targets the CCS with high specificity. Interestingly, this Fab can also be used to modulate CCS biology when linked to a different cargo, paving the way for potential targeted cardiac therapies.Furthermore, through differential gene expression analysis of the entire murine CCS at single-cell resolution, the team identified and validated a set of additional cell surface markers. These can molecularly target distinct subcomponents of the CCS, aiding in the management of specific, life-threatening arrhythmias.Join us as we delve into the intricacies of these breakthroughs with Dr. Goodyer and discuss their potential to revolutionize cardiac imaging, cardiothoracic surgery, and arrhythmia management.Keywords: Cardiac Conduction System, Cardiac Surgery, Antibody-Dye Conjugates, Monoclonal Fab, CCS Imaging, Targeted Cardiac Therapies, Arrhythmia.In vivo visualization and molecular targeting of the cardiac conduction system. J Clin Invest. 2022 Aug 11:e156955. doi: 10.1172/JCI156955. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35951416.

In this episode, we are joined by Dr. Howard Salis, who has been pioneering research on the complex mechanisms governing transcription rates in bacteria. The focus of our discussion is his team's recent breakthrough in predicting site-specific transcription initiation rates for any σ70 promoter sequence in bacteria.A critical challenge in the field has been understanding how non-canonical sequence motifs collectively control transcription rates. Dr. Salis' team ingeniously used a combination of massively parallel assays, biophysics, and machine learning to develop a 346-parameter model. This model, validated across 22,132 bacterial promoters with diverse sequences, holds the potential to unravel the intricate processes of gene regulation in natural genetic systems. The model's application extends to predicting genetic context effects, designing σ70 promoters with specific transcription rates, and identifying undesired promoters within engineered genetic systems. This breakthrough provides a new level of precision in transcriptional control, which is crucial for the engineering of synthetic genetic systems.Join us as Dr. Salis illuminates the world of bacterial transcription and the role it plays in both nature and the realm of synthetic biology.Keywords: Bacterial Transcription, Gene Regulation, Synthetic Biology, Machine Learning, Biophysics, σ70 Promoter, Genetic Systems, Dr. Howard Salis.Automated model-predictive design of synthetic promoters to control transcriptional profiles in bacteria. Nat Commun 13, 5159 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32829-5

This episode presents a fascinating conversation with Dr. Orly Lazarov about her groundbreaking research on Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and the pivotal role of hippocampal neurogenesis in memory deficits observed in this condition. The recruitment of new, immature neurons into the memory "engram" or storage, which is essential for hippocampus-dependent tasks, is significantly deficient in familial Alzheimer’s Disease (FAD) cases. These recruited immature neurons exhibited compromised spine density and altered transcript profiles in FAD. In a remarkable revelation, Dr. Lazarov’s team demonstrated that targeted enhancement of neurogenesis in FAD mice can restore the number of new neurons in the engram, along with the dendritic spine density and the transcription signature of both immature and mature neurons. This restoration leads to memory rescue. Additionally, the team found that chemogenetic inactivation of immature neurons reversed mouse performance and impaired memory.Notably, AD-linked genes like App, ApoE, and Adam10 were among the top differentially expressed genes in the engram. Dr. Lazarov's study implies that defective neurogenesis contributes significantly to memory failure in Alzheimer's disease. Join us as we delve into the complex world of neurogenesis, memory, and Alzheimer's disease with Dr. Lazarov.Keywords: Alzheimer's Disease, Neurogenesis, Memory Failure, Hippocampus, Familial Alzheimer's Disease, Engram, Memory Rescue, Dendritic Spine Density.Augmenting neurogenesis rescues memory impairments in Alzheimer’s disease by restoring the memory-storing neurons https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20220391

In this episode, we have the pleasure of talking with Dr. Helena Florindo, an innovator in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Our conversation revolves around her recent work focused on identifying novel small molecules that can modulate the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) interaction, which has shown exciting clinical outcomes in diverse human cancers. While monoclonal antibodies are currently the only approved inhibitors of PD-1/PD-L1, the majority of patients do not respond to these immune checkpoint inhibitors, highlighting the importance of developing new immunotherapeutic agents. In a transdisciplinary approach combining in silico analyses with in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo experimental studies, Dr. Florindo's team has discovered small molecules that stimulate human adaptive immune responses. Unlike currently available biological compounds, these novel small molecules have shown the ability to enhance the infiltration of T lymphocytes into three-dimensional solid tumor models and recruit cytotoxic T lymphocytes to the tumor microenvironment in vivo.Join us as Dr. Florindo discusses the promising potential of these small molecules to transform cancer immunotherapy by regulating the PD-L1/PD-1 signaling pathway and promoting an extensive infiltration of effector CD8 T cells to the tumor microenvironment.Keywords: Cancer Immunotherapy, Small Molecules, PD-1, PD-L1, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, T Lymphocytes, Dr. Helena Florindo.Therapeutic targeting of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade by novel small-molecule inhibitors recruits cytotoxic T cells into solid tumor microenvironment https://jitc.bmj.com/content/10/7/e004695

Join us for an exciting discussion with Valtteri Wikström, who delves into the intriguing world of inter-brain synchronization during online gameplay. By using EEG hyperscanning, Wikström and his team investigated cooperative performance during real-time online two-player gameplay, where participants were physically isolated and communicated solely through on-screen actions.The results of the study showed a correlation between momentary performance and gamma synchronization, and average performance with alpha synchronization. Interestingly, synchronization across frequency bands decreased during a playing session, but it was elevated in the second of two sessions. This provides an interesting look into how online real-time joint coordination occurs without any physical co-presence or video and audio connection and how changes in inter-brain EEG phase synchrony can be observed continuously during the interaction.In this episode, we discuss these findings in-depth, and explore what this could mean for the future of online multiplayer gaming and potentially, other forms of remote collaboration and communication.Keywords: EEG hyperscanning, Inter-brain synchronization, Online gameplay, Cooperative performance, Valtteri Wikström.Inter-brain synchronization occurs without physical co-presence during cooperative online gaming https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108316

Join us for a fascinating conversation with Nik Kornder, MSc, as he enlightens us on the rather surprising self-cleaning mechanisms of the Caribbean tube sponge, Aplysina archeri. Contrary to common assumptions, these sponges actively move particle-trapping mucus against the direction of their internal water flow. This mucus-embedded waste is then expelled into the surrounding water through periodic surface contractions, colloquially known as "sneezing."Kornder and his team used time-lapse video footage and meticulous analyses to uncover this intriguing phenomenon. Interestingly, this expulsion of waste results in a significant flux of detritus, which is actively consumed by sponge-associated fauna. Not only does this provide a fresh perspective on how these sponges prevent their filter system from clogging, but it also hints at the ecological significance of these "sneezes" on the nutrient cycling of Caribbean coral reefs.Join us as we delve into this intriguing marine mystery and discuss the potential parallels of these sneezing mechanisms with other animals, including humans.Keywords: Nik Kornder, Sponge Sneezing, Aplysina archeri, Self-cleaning mechanism, Mucus transport, Marine ecology, Caribbean coral reefs.Sponges sneeze mucus to shed particulate waste from their seawater inlet pores https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.017 Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, University of Amsterdam

Step into the intriguing realm of quantum technology with Dr. Serrano as he sheds light on the phenomenal properties of rare-earth ions (REIs). These solid-state systems hold great promise in building light–matter interfaces at the quantum level, thanks to their capacity for narrow optical and spin homogeneous linewidths, resulting in long-lived quantum states.In our conversation, Dr. Serrano explores the potential applications of REIs in photonic quantum technologies such as memories for light, optical–microwave transduction, and computing. Despite the exciting possibilities, progress has been hampered by the lack of materials with environments quiet enough to fully exploit the properties of REIs.Enter europium molecular crystals. These molecular systems, as Dr. Serrano discusses, exhibit linewidths orders of magnitude narrower than other molecular systems, making them an efficient solution for optical spin initialization, coherent storage of light, and optical control of ion–ion interactions. Tune in to discover how these findings set the stage for rare-earth molecular crystals to become a new platform for photonic quantum technologies, bridging the gap between highly coherent emitters and the unmatched versatility of molecular materials.Keywords: Dr. Serrano, Rare-Earth Ions, Quantum Technology, Photonic Quantum Technologies, Europium Molecular Crystals, Coherent Emitters, Molecular Materials.Serrano, D., Kuppusamy, S.K., Heinrich, B. et al. Ultra-narrow optical linewidths in rare-earth molecular crystals. Nature 603, 241–246 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04316-2

Imagine a world where artificial neurons not only rival their biological counterparts in function but also exceed them in speed and scale. Dr. Onen takes us on a captivating journey through this very realm in our latest episode.Biological neurons and synapses, though remarkably efficient, are constrained by the speed of information processing in the aqueous medium through which action potentials propagate. But what if we could transcend these limitations? Enter nanoscale protonic programmable resistors, artificial solid-state neurons that are not subject to the same time and voltage constraints as their biological analogs.Dr. Onen delves into his groundbreaking work, where he and his team prototyped these resistors, crafting them to be 1000 times smaller than biological neurons and utilizing complementary metal-oxide semiconductor–compatible materials. These devices can withstand high electric fields and display energy-efficient modulation characteristics at room temperature, operating 10,000 times faster than biological synapses.In this conversation, Dr. Onen elaborates on how these nanoscale devices pave the way for accelerated deep learning applications. Tune in to explore how these advancements can revolutionize artificial neural networks, offering a promising direction for implementing applications that can benefit from rapid ionic motion.Keywords: Dr. Onen, Protonic Programmable Resistors, Nanoscale, Deep Learning, Artificial Neurons, Biological Neurons, Synapses, Solid-State Devices, Ionic Transport, Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor.Nanosecond protonic programmable resistors for analog deep learning https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abp8064

In this fascinating episode, Dr. Harrington unpacks his cutting-edge research exploring the potential of mistletoe viscin, a natural cellulosic adhesive, for various material and biomedical applications. Viscin, which consists of cellulose microfibrils encapsulated by a humidity-responsive matrix, possesses an array of properties that render it a promising candidate for diverse applications. Remarkably, its humidity-activated self-adhesive capabilities allow for mechanical drawing into stiff and sticky fibers, which can then be 'welded' into complex 2D and 3D architectures under ambient conditions.Dr. Harrington's team also found that viscin can be processed into stiff, transparent free-standing films through biaxial stretching in the hydrated state, followed by drying. This process results in cellulose microfibrils aligning along local stress fields. Additionally, viscin exhibits robust adhesion to a variety of materials, including metals, plastics, glass, and even biological tissues like skin and cartilage. Notably, the strong adherence of viscin to skin presents a compelling case for its use as a wound sealant, as Dr. Harrington further demonstrates. By leveraging the properties of this hygro- and mechano-responsive fiber-reinforced adhesive, researchers can unlock transformative potential for bioinspired and biomedical applications.Keywords: Dr. Harrington, Mistletoe Viscin, Cellulosic Adhesive, Bioinspired Design, Biomedical Applications, Humidity-Activated Self-Adhesive, Wound Sealant, Material Applications.Nils Horbelt, Peter Fratzl, Matthew J Harrington, Mistletoe viscin: a hygro- and mechano-responsive cellulose-based adhesive for diverse material applications https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac026

Dr. Demirci joins us in this captivating episode to explore the use of pulsed light as an alternative antimicrobial intervention in the food industry. The first part of his study was dedicated to defining the spectrum and energy characteristics of pulsed light. Following this, Dr. Demirci delved into investigating the germicidal response of a range of microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus (vegetative cells and endospores), Aspergillus niger spores, and Penicillium roqueforti spores to pulsed light treatments.The organisms were treated using three different broad-spectrum xenon gas flashlamps and were subjected to up to 15 pulses. Each microorganism displayed a significant interaction of flashlamp type and treatment duration.Further, Dr. Demirci treated E. coli with pulsed light using a type B flashlamp and light filters to selectively deliver visible, near-infrared, and combined visible-near-infrared radiation to the cells. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images were also obtained to observe physical effects on the cellular structures.The findings of this study indicate that microbial sensitivity to pulsed light treatment varies across species and is predominantly attributed to the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum. Join us as we delve into these results and discuss the potential of this technology for the food industry.Keywords: Dr. Demirci, Pulsed Light, Antimicrobial Intervention, Food Industry, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium roqueforti, Xenon Gas Flashlamps, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Microbial Sensitivity, Ultraviolet Radiation.Characterization of pulsed light for microbial inactivation https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2022.111152 Pulsed light treatment susceptibility differs for Gram -, Gram +, and spores/fungi.

In this groundbreaking episode, Dr. Tarazi reveals exciting insights into the world of synthetic embryos constructed from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in an ex-utero setup. This pioneering study provides an intriguing look into the future of developmental biology and biomedical research. Dr. Tarazi's team demonstrated that naive ESCs could independently give rise to entire gastrulating embryo-like structures complete with embryonic and extraembryonic compartments. This significant feat was accomplished by adapting a recently established platform for the prolonged ex-utero growth of natural embryos.The experiment involved co-aggregating non-transduced ESCs with naive ESCs transiently expressing Cdx2 or Gata4, crucial for promoting priming toward trophectoderm and primitive endoderm lineages, respectively. The result was the creation of post-gastrulation synthetic whole embryo models (sEmbryos).These sEmbryos accomplished gastrulation and advanced through key developmental milestones, developing organ progenitors within complex extraembryonic compartments akin to E8.5 stage mouse embryos. This illuminating study underscores the remarkable potential of naive pluripotent cells to self-organize and functionally reconstitute and model the entire mammalian embryo beyond gastrulation.Join us as we delve into this fascinating world of synthetic embryos with Dr. Tarazi.Keywords: Dr. Tarazi, Synthetic Embryos, Embryonic Stem Cells, Ex Utero, Gastrulation, Embryo-like Structures, Naive ESCs, Cdx2, Gata4, Trophectoderm, Primitive Endoderm, Developmental Milestones, Biomedical Research.Post-Gastrulation Synthetic Embryos Generated Ex Utero from Mouse Naïve ESCs by Shadi Tarazi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.028 Weizmann Institute of Science

This episode features a conversation with renowned scientist Dr. Levin who shares exciting updates from his lab’s groundbreaking work. Focusing on understanding and controlling complex pattern formation, Dr. Levin’s team explores the fascinating crossroads of molecular genetics, biophysics, and computational modeling.The Levin lab operates at the forefront of scientific exploration, working with organisms such as frogs, flatworms, zebrafish, and even human tissues in culture. Their projects traverse a wide range of topics including regeneration, embryogenesis, cancer, and learning plasticity – all seen as instances of how cellular networks process information.Dr. Levin's aim extends beyond just deciphering the necessary molecular mechanisms for morphogenesis. He is on a quest to unravel and harness the cooperative signaling dynamics that enable complex bodies to build and remodel themselves toward a correct structure in spite of unpredictable environmental disruptions.This episode offers a deep dive into the quest to understand how individual cell behaviors are orchestrated toward appropriate large-scale outcomes, providing listeners with a glimpse into the future of biophysics and molecular genetics.Keywords: Dr. Levin, Bioelectricity, Basal Cognition, Molecular Genetics, Biophysics, Computational Modeling, Pattern Formation, Regeneration, Embryogenesis, Cancer, Learning Plasticity, Cellular Networks, Morphogenesis.

Join us for an enlightening discussion with Dr. Rupprecht as he unveils a groundbreaking discovery that challenges the previous understanding of astrocytes in the brain. Astrocytes, unlike neurons, were traditionally viewed as cells with largely uncoordinated activity across cellular compartments, exhibiting no central integration of information.In his research, Dr. Rupprecht and his team describe the principle of 'conditional centripetal integration,' showing that astrocytes do integrate calcium signals from their distal processes. This intriguing observation came from calcium imaging of hippocampal astrocytes and neurons in head-fixed mice, coupled with monitoring of body movements and pupil diameter.The team found that global astrocytic activity correlated with the concurrent pupil diameter (indicative of arousal level) and past neuronal and behavioral events integrated over seconds. This centripetal integration within individual astrocytes begins in distal processes and propagates slowly towards the soma, facilitated by high arousal levels but inhibited when pre-event calcium levels were high.This compelling discovery suggests that astrocytes are not mere bystanders but computational units of the brain that slowly and conditionally integrate past information. Tune in to this episode to delve deeper into Dr. Rupprecht's fascinating research and what it means for our understanding of the brain's functioning.Keywords: Dr. Rupprecht, Astrocytes, Neurons, Conditional Centripetal Integration, Calcium Imaging, Brain, Pupil Diameter, Neuronal Activity, Central Integration.Centripetal integration of past events by hippocampal astrocytes Peter Rupprecht et al., doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.08.16.504030

This episode delves into the cutting-edge research of Dr. Laffey, who has been investigating the role of Major Histocompatibility Complex:T cell antigen receptor (MHC:TCR) signaling in the development of T cell tumors. While this signaling pathway is crucial for T cell development and immune responses, it can also trigger the formation of T cell tumors under abnormal conditions.Dr. Laffey's research focuses on a low-frequency progenitor cell population known as Early αβ TCR+ Double-Negative (EADN) cells. Present in both mice and humans, these cells can transform into thymic leukemia. His work has shown that EADN cells do not require MHC for their development, but they can respond to it with high sensitivity when it is present. However, the transformation to leukemia needs MHC, although this requirement can be lost during extended tumor growth.These findings suggest that MHC:TCR signaling can initiate a leukemia phenotype from an understudied developmental state, highlighting a potential new area of focus for the study and treatment of leukemia. Tune in to understand how Dr. Laffey's research could influence our approach to tackling leukemia and other T cell tumors.Keywords: Dr. Laffey, Major Histocompatibility Complex, T cell Antigen Receptor, MHC:TCR Signaling, Early αβ TCR+ Double-Negative Cells, Leukemia, Thymic Leukemia, T cell Development, T cell Tumors, Immune Responses.Early expression of mature αβ TCR in CD4−CD8− T cell progenitors enables MHC to drive development of T-ALL bearing NOTCH mutations https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2118529119

In this episode, we delve into the revolutionary work of Dr. Kireev, who is pushing the boundaries of health monitoring with wearable technology. The continuous monitoring of arterial blood pressure (BP) in non-clinical or ambulatory settings plays a critical role in understanding various health conditions, especially cardiovascular diseases. Traditional ambulatory BP devices, while useful, can be cumbersome and intrusive, limiting their usability and comfort for the user.Enter Dr. Kireev's cutting-edge research. He introduces a wearable continuous BP monitoring platform that is based on electrical bioimpedance, utilizing atomically thin, self-adhesive, lightweight, and unobtrusive graphene electronic tattoos as interfaces with the human body. This technology is able to monitor arterial BP continuously and non-invasively for over 300 minutes, a duration tenfold longer than previous studies.The readings obtained show remarkable accuracy, equivalent to a Grade A classification, offering immense potential in medical diagnosis and disease correlation with individual behavior, daily habits, and lifestyle. This could potentially enable the analysis of root causes, prognosis, and disease prevention.Join us as we discuss Dr. Kireev's groundbreaking work and explore the future of health monitoring.Keywords: Dr. Kireev, Blood Pressure Monitoring, Wearable Technology, Graphene Electronic Tattoos, Electrical Bioimpedance, Cardiovascular Diseases, Health Monitoring, Ambulatory BP Monitoring.Kireev, D., Sel, K., Ibrahim, B. et al. Continuous cuffless monitoring of arterial blood pressure via graphene bioimpedance tattoos. Nat. Nanotechnol. (2022) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-022-01145-w

In this episode, we explore the groundbreaking research by Dr. Kolachalama and his team on addressing the global challenge of dementia, specifically Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which affects nearly 10 million new individuals annually. Their innovative approach integrates artificial intelligence and healthcare, paving the way for enhanced diagnosis of cognitive impairments.The team's work revolves around a deep learning framework that performs multiple diagnostic steps successively to distinguish between normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, AD, and non-AD dementias. This model utilizes a wide array of routinely collected clinical data such as demographics, medical history, neuropsychological testing, neuroimaging, and functional assessments. Interestingly, their models not only compete with the diagnostic accuracy of practicing neurologists and neuroradiologists but also reveal disease-specific patterns of degenerative changes in the brain. They further leverage interpretability methods in computer vision to validate these computational predictions with established medical diagnosis standards.Join us in this fascinating conversation as we delve into the future of dementia diagnosis and treatment with Dr. Kolachalama.Keywords: Dr. Kolachalama, Deep Learning, Dementia, Alzheimer’s Disease, Artificial Intelligence, Health Diagnosis, Neurology, Cognitive Impairment, Mild Cognitive Impairment, Non-AD Dementias, Neuropathological Lesions.Qiu, S., Miller, M.I., Joshi, P.S. et al. Multimodal deep learning for Alzheimer’s disease dementia assessment. Nat Commun 13, 3404 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038s41467-022-31037-5

This episode welcomes Dr. Jingang Li, a pioneer in the field of micro robotics and nanotechnology. We discuss the groundbreaking progress in motor miniaturization and its impact on areas like drug delivery, nanotechnology, and biomedical engineering.Dr. Li introduces us to the world of light-driven opto-thermocapillary nanomotors (OTNMs). These nanomotors operate on solid substrates, where they are free from the interference of Brownian motion that affects their counterparts in liquid environments. The OTNMs can cause the orbital rotation of 80 nm gold nanoparticles around a laser beam, a feat accomplished by optically controlling particle–substrate interactions and thermocapillary actuation.The remarkable characteristic of these nanomotors is their on-chip operation capability in ambient environments, making them potential light-driven engines to power functional devices at the nanoscale. This breakthrough could herald the dawn of new developments in microtechnology and beyond.Tune in to this enlightening conversation with Dr. Li, where we delve into the transformative potential of nanomotors.Keywords: Dr. Jingang Li, Microrobotics, Nanotechnology, Light-driven Opto-thermocapillary Nanomotors, Brownian Motion, Gold Nanoparticles, Laser Beam, Drug Delivery, Biomedical Engineering, Particle-Substrate Interactions, Thermocapillary Actuation.Opto-Thermocapillary Nanomotors on Solid Substrates Jingang Li, Pavana Siddhartha Kollipara, Ya Liu, Kan Yao, Yaoran Liu, and Yuebing Zheng* https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c09800

Join us in this fascinating episode with Dr. Araújo, a renowned paleontologist, as we delve into the mysteries of mammalian evolution and the crucial transition to endothermy. Endothermy, the ability of an organism to maintain its body temperature internally, is a feature that has played a significant role in the ecological dominance of mammals and birds. However, when and how this characteristic appeared during mammalian evolution has long been uncertain due to ambiguous fossil evidence.Dr. Araújo presents his innovative approach to investigate this key evolutionary transition using the morphology of the semicircular ducts of the inner ear. These ducts, filled with endolymph, monitor head rotations and are vital for motor coordination, navigation, and spatial awareness. Changes in these structures could reflect the ectotherm-endotherm transition, as higher body temperatures would impact endolymph viscosity and semicircular duct biomechanics.Dr. Araújo and his team developed the thermo-motility index, a proxy based on the bony canal morphology, to track morphofunctional changes across 56 extinct synapsid species. Their findings suggest an abrupt evolution of endothermy during the Late Triassic period in Mammaliamorpha, associated with a sharp increase in body temperature and an expansion of aerobic and anaerobic capacities.This episode provides intriguing insights into the evolution of endothermy and the physiological characteristics that define mammals. Tune in for an enlightening discussion on the mysteries of our evolutionary past.Keywords: Dr. Araújo, Mammalian Evolution, Endothermy, Semicircular Ducts, Inner Ear, Thermo-Motility Index, Late Triassic, Mammaliamorpha, Paleontology, Synapsid Species, Ectotherm-Endotherm Transition, Body Temperature, Aerobic Capacity, Anaerobic Capacity.Araújo, R., David, R., Benoit, J. et al. Inner ear biomechanics reveals a Late Triassic origin for mammalian endothermy. Nature (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04963-z

Join us in this crucial discussion with Dr. Moseson as we delve into the unique barriers to abortion care that transgender, nonbinary, and gender-expansive (TGE) people face. Given these barriers, many TGE individuals have considered, and some have even attempted, abortion without clinical supervision. In this episode, Dr. Moseson shares results from a 2019 online survey about sexual and reproductive health among TGE people assigned female or intersex at birth. The study uncovers a significant number of TGE people who have considered or attempted self-managed abortions. These methods varied, with participants reporting the use of herbs, physical trauma, vitamin C, and substance use. Reasons for self-managed abortion included a desire for privacy, perceived efficiency, and, importantly, several structural issues such as lack of health insurance coverage, legal restrictions, denials of or mistreatment within clinical care, and cost. Dr. Moseson highlights the urgent need for efforts to dismantle barriers to clinical abortion care and to provide TGE people with information on safe and effective methods of self-managed abortion. The goal is to ensure that TGE people can freely choose a safe and effective abortion, whether in a clinical setting or through self-management.This episode offers an essential conversation about the intersection of gender identity, reproductive rights, and healthcare access. Keywords: Dr. Moseson, Transgender, Nonbinary, Gender-Expansive, TGE, Abortion Care, Self-Managed Abortion, Reproductive Health, Healthcare Barriers, Privacy, Autonomy, Structural Issues, Health Insurance, Legal Restrictions, Clinical Care, Gender Identity, Reproductive Rights.Moseson H, Fix L, Gerdts C, et al Abortion attempts without clinical supervision among transgender, nonbinary and gender-expansive people in the US http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsrh-2020-200966

Join us in this episode with Dr. Bleris as we dive into the fascinating world of genetic, physical unclonable functions (PUFs) in human cells. PUFs are physical entities that provide a unique and irreproducible identifier for the artifact in which they are embedded. Originally popularized by the electronics industry, PUFs use the inherent physical variations of semiconductor manufacturing to establish intrinsic security measures for attesting integrated circuits.Inspired by silicon PUFs, Dr. Bleris and his team have embarked on the creation of the first generation of genetic PUFs in human cells. These PUFs are shown to be robust, unique, and unclonable, making them virtually impossible to replicate. Moreover, the team's groundbreaking work with CRISPR-engineered PUFs (CRISPR-PUFs) opens new possibilities for establishing provenance attestation protocols.This episode sheds light on a new frontier in cell biology, genetic engineering, and identity security. You'll gain insights into the application of genetic PUFs, the potential of CRISPR-PUFs, and the future of biosecurity in this riveting discussion with Dr. Bleris.Keywords: Dr. Bleris, Genetic PUFs, Physical Unclonable Functions, Silicon PUFs, Human Cells, CRISPR-PUFs, Provenance Attestation Protocols, Biosecurity, Genetic Engineering, Cell Biology.https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm4106 Genetic physical unclonable functions in human cells

Title: Navigating Sleep Cycles with Selective Thermal Stimulation: A Conversation with Dr. HaghayeghDescription: The intricate process of regulating sleep-wake cycles involves circadian Process C and homeostatic Process S. In this episode, we welcome Dr. Haghayegh to discuss his research on how selective thermal stimulation (STS) of the cervical spine region can enhance body heat dissipation, increase the distal-to-proximal skin gradient (DPG), and lower core body temperature (CBT). These changes can contribute to shorter sleep onset latency (SOL) and improved sleep quality.Dr. Haghayegh's team conducted a study involving 11 young, healthy male participants who were challenged to go to bed two hours earlier than usual. They were subjected to treatment and control nighttime sleep sessions. The treatment session involved the use of a dual-temperature zone mattress and an STS pillow, which applied mild heating to the cervical spinal skin for 30 minutes after lights-off.The study's results highlight a significant increase in blood flow and DPG and a significant decrease in CBT in the treatment night compared to the control. Most notably, SOL was significantly reduced, and subjective sleep quality significantly improved.Join us as we delve into the findings and implications of this study with Dr. Haghayegh. We'll explore how innovative sleep facilitating systems like STS pillows and dual-temperature zone mattresses can influence sleep cycles and enhance overall sleep quality.Keywords: Dr. Haghayegh, Sleep-wake Cycle, Selective Thermal Stimulation, Core Body Temperature, Distal-to-Proximal Skin Gradient, Sleep Onset Latency, Sleep Quality, Sleep Science, Sleep Technology, Circadian Process C, Homeostatic Process S.High ambipolar mobility in cubic boron arsenide https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abn4290

In this enlightening episode, Dr. Ren and Dr. Chen join us to delve into the fascinating properties of Boron Arsenide, a semiconductor noted for its high thermal conductivity and promisingly high ambipolar mobility. This dual mobility of electrons and holes has been confirmed through different measurement methodologies used by Yue et al. and Shin et al., thereby reinforcing the theoretical calculations.Dr. Ren and Dr. Chen will discuss how Shin et al. successfully measured the high thermal and electrical transport properties concurrently at the same sample location, a noteworthy accomplishment. Yue et al. have made intriguing findings as well, revealing even higher ambipolar mobility than theoretical estimates in some instances.The combination of high thermal conductivity and high ambipolar mobility makes Boron Arsenide an exciting prospect for various semiconductor applications. The episode will highlight the significance of reducing ionized and neutral impurity concentrations for realizing high mobility and high thermal conductivity, respectively.Join us as we discuss the immense potential of cubic Boron Arsenide (c-BAs) in paving the way for the next generation of electronics.Keywords: Dr. Ren, Dr. Chen, Boron Arsenide, Semiconductors, High Thermal Conductivity, High Ambipolar Mobility, Yue et al., Shin et al., c-BAs, Electronics, Next-Generation Electronics, Electron Mobility, Hole Mobility, Impurity Concentrations.DOI: 10.1126/science.abn4290

In this episode, we are joined by Dr. Xing to delve into the innovative use of machine learning in predicting the embryonic aneuploidy risk in female IVF patients. Infertility affects approximately 12% of women of reproductive age in the United States, with aneuploidy in eggs significantly contributing to early miscarriages and IVF failures.Dr. Xing discusses his team's work in using whole-exome sequencing data to evaluate machine learning-based classifiers for predicting aneuploidy risk. Their efforts have achieved encouraging results with the area under the receiver operating curve of 0.77 and 0.68, respectively, across two exome datasets.This discussion also sheds light on the potential aneuploidy risk genes identified, such as MCM5, FGGY, and DDX60L. These genes and their molecular interaction partners are enriched in meiotic-related gene ontology categories and pathways, like the microtubule organizing center and DNA recombination.By demonstrating that sequencing data can help predict a patient's aneuploidy risk, Dr. Xing's work opens up new avenues for enhancing clinical diagnosis and provides promising targets for future aneuploidy studies.Keywords: Dr. Xing, Machine Learning, Embryonic Aneuploidy Risk, Infertility, IVF, Whole-exome Sequencing Data, Receiver Operating Curve, MCM5, FGGY, DDX60L, Meiotic-related Gene Ontology Categories, DNA Recombination, Clinical Diagnosis.Predicting embryonic aneuploidy rate in IVF patients using whole-exome sequencing https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-022-02450-z

In this episode, we're delighted to welcome Dr. Purkis as he shares his research on deep-sea brine pools, unique environments that house extremophile microbes, and immaculately preserved sedimentary sequences. His team has located a complex of brine pools in the Gulf of Aqaba, consisting of one major pool of 10,000 m2 and three smaller pools.Join us as Dr. Purkis takes us through their exploration process, which involves bathymetric and geophysical observations, sediment coring, and direct brine sampling. They discovered that the main pool conserves a sedimentary stratigraphy extending over at least 1200 years. This timeline captures turbidites, which are likely products of flash floods and local seismic activity, along with tsunamigenic terrestrial sediment.Termed the NEOM Brine Pools, these bodies of water broaden the known geographical distribution of Red Sea brine pools. They also present an exceptional environment for conserving the sedimentary markers of regional climatic and tectonic occurrences. Delve into the fascinating world of deep-sea brine pools and their significance in our understanding of historical climate and tectonic events.Keywords: Dr. Purkis, Deep-sea Brine Pools, Extremophile Microbes, Sedimentary Sequences, Gulf of Aqaba, Turbidites, Tsunamigenic Terrestrial Sediment, NEOM Brine Pools, Red Sea, Climatic Events, Tectonic Events.Purkis, S.J., Shernisky, H., Swart, P.K. et al. Discovery of the deep-sea NEOM Brine Pools in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Commun Earth Environ 3, 146 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00482-x

In this episode, we are thrilled to host the renowned physicist, Dr. Kotwal, to explore the implications of the new and precise measurement of the W boson mass. The W boson, a mediator of the weak force between elementary particles, has its mass heavily constrained by the symmetries of the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. Therefore, measuring the mass of the W boson poses a stringent test of the SM.Dr. Kotwal discusses the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) Collaboration's recent findings, which unexpectedly revealed that the mass of the W boson was significantly higher than the SM predicts. This discrepancy, measured at an impressive 7 standard deviations, is drawn from data collected in proton-antiproton collisions at the Tevatron particle accelerator.Delving into the implications of this finding, Dr. Kotwal helps listeners understand the consequences of this significant tension with the SM expectation. He takes us through the exciting journey of how a sample of approximately 4 million W boson candidates was used to obtain the most precise measurement of the W boson mass to date. Join us as we explore what this means for the future of particle physics and our understanding of the universe.Keywords: Dr. Kotwal, W Boson, Collider Detector at Fermilab, Tevatron particle accelerator, Standard Model, Proton-Antiproton Collisions, Particle Physics.W bosons mediate the weak interaction, one of the fundamental forces in physics. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abk1781 High-precision measurement of the W boson mass with the CDF II detector

Unraveling the intricacies of microbiomes and their dynamics is a central challenge in harnessing their potential benefits. Dr. Hero joins us in this episode to discuss the application of a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) framework to predict community assembly and metabolite production in a synthetic human gut community. Standard differential equation-based models have been unsuccessful in capturing complex microbial behaviors that don't conform to preset ecological theories. These models also fall short when dealing with increasing community complexity and multiple functions. Dr. Hero and his team are paving a new way with LSTM, a primary tool in deep learning that learns a high-dimensional, data-driven, non-linear dynamical system model. This model is then used to design communities with specific metabolite profiles.Dr. Hero will share insights on how the LSTM model outperforms the widely utilized generalized Lotka-Volterra model and how the 'black-box' nature of the model can be deciphered to understand microbe-microbe and microbe-metabolite interactions. These findings point to the crucial role of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria in metabolite production, while Bacteroides shape community dynamics.In this episode, we will delve into how the LSTM model can navigate a vast multidimensional functional landscape to identify communities with unique, health-relevant metabolite profiles and temporal behaviors. Join us as we discuss how LSTM models can guide the design of synthetic microbiomes with targeted, dynamic functions and aid experimental planning.Keywords: Dr. Hero, LSTM, Microbiomes, Community Assembly, Metabolite Production, Synthetic Human Gut Community, Deep Learning, Microbial Interactions, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroides, Generalized Lotka-Volterra Model, Synthetic Microbiomes, Experimental Planning.Deep Learning Enables Design of Multifunctional Synthetic Human Gut Microbiome Dynamics Alfred O. Hero, et al. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.27.461983

In this enlightening episode, we welcome Dr. Piscicchia to scrutinize the Orch OR (Orchestrated Objective Reduction) consciousness theory in light of the latest experimental results derived from the search for spontaneous radiation. This radiation is predicted by the simplest version of gravity-related dynamical collapse models, and its search has potential implications for our understanding of consciousness and the universe itself.Dr. Piscicchia provides a critical perspective on the Orch OR theory, highlighting the instances where the theory, when based on the simplest version of gravity-related dynamical collapse, is highly implausible. He shares the comprehensive analysis that led to these conclusions and elaborates on the broad implications of these findings.Moreover, Dr. Piscicchia discusses the limitations of the current models and elaborates on the future plans towards the development of more realistic gravity-related collapse models. This conversation is not just a deep dive into the intricate intersections of quantum physics and consciousness theories, but also a journey towards understanding the potential future directions of this fascinating research area.Keywords: Dr. Piscicchia, Orch OR Consciousness Theory, Gravity-Related Dynamical Collapse Models, Quantum Physics, Consciousness, Spontaneous Radiation.“At the crossroad of the search for spontaneous radiation and the Orch OR consciousness theory”, a critical analysis of the Orch OR consciousness theory https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2022.05.004

In this episode, Dr. Gu delves into the world of microcargoes and how their transport is integral for both living organisms and various applications in microrobotics, nanotechnology, and biomedicine. Current delivery technologies often face challenges in terms of speed, navigation control, and dispersal by cardiovascular flows. But, as Dr. Gu explains, these problems are largely addressed by cytoskeletal motors in cell biology that carry vesicles along microtubule highways.Inspired by this biological mechanism, Dr. Gu presents his team's groundbreaking development of artificial microtubules (AMTs), which are structured microfibers embedded with micromagnets. These micromagnets serve as stepping stones to guide particles quickly through flow networks. Dr. Gu details how this new method facilitates microcargo travel at speeds an order of magnitude faster than existing techniques using the same driving frequency. Additionally, he shares the fascinating discovery of how strong dynamic anchoring effects significantly reduce dispersal, even against potent fluid flows.Towards the end, we learn about the potential for AMTs to enable the self-assembly of microparticles into active-matter clusters. This assembly further enhances walking speed by collectively bridging over stepping stones, indicating a unique and robust strategy for delivery within microvascular networks and minimally invasive interventions.Keywords: Dr. Gu, Microcargo, Microrobotics, Nanotechnology, Biomedicine, Artificial Microtubules, Microvascular Networks.Gu, H., Hanedan, E., Boehler, Q. et al. Artificial microtubules for rapid and collective transport of magnetic microcargoes. Nat Mach Intell (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-022-00510-7

Understanding the movements and migrations of ancient humans can often be an intricate puzzle. In this episode, we explore this fascinating topic with Dr. Yue-Chen Liu, who has delved into the peopling of the Micronesian islands. By examining 164 ancient human remains from five different archaeological sites in Remote Oceania, along with 112 present-day individuals from the same area, Liu and his team have unraveled the intricate threads of human migration.Dr. Liu explains how their analysis unveiled five migratory streams into Micronesia, with three being East Asian-related, one Polynesian, and a fifth from a Papuan source related to mainland New Guineans. Interestingly, this Papuan source, derived from male migrants around 2000-2500 years ago, was distinct from the New Britain–related Papuan source for southwest Pacific populations.Discussing the people of the Mariana Archipelago, Dr. Liu makes an intriguing observation - they may derive all their precolonial ancestry from East Asian sources, rendering them the only Remote Oceanians without Papuan ancestry.Dr. Liu also shares how mitochondrial DNA studies revealed a highly differentiated yet localized pattern among early Remote Oceanian communities, implying matrilocal practices. The genetic data indicate that women almost never raised their children in communities different from the ones in which they grew up.This episode offers a fascinating journey into the ancient human migrations into Micronesia, revealing the interplay of genetics, archaeology, and the human story.Keywords: Dr. Yue-Chen Liu, Human migrations, Micronesia, Genetics, Archaeology, Ancient DNA, Papuan Ancestry, Matrilocal Practices, Mariana Archipelago.Ancient DNA reveals five streams of migration into Micronesia and matrilocality in early Pacific seafarers https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abm6536

We often imagine bacteria as microscopic isolated cells or colonies. But what if some defy this common perception? Dr. Gros and Dr. Volland join us on this episode to discuss their discovery of an unusually large, sulfur-oxidizing bacterium with a complex membrane organization and predicted life cycle.Located in a mangrove swamp, the bacterium, named Candidatus Thiomargarita magnifica, astounded the researchers. While most bacterial species have cells around 2 micrometers in length, this extraordinary bacterium has an average cell length exceeding 9000 micrometers, making it visible to the naked eye!Through the application of various microscopy techniques and genome sequencing, Dr. Gros and Dr. Volland observed highly polyploid cells with DNA and ribosomes compartmentalized within membranes. They also discovered a fascinating dimorphic life cycle where chromosomes are asymmetrically segregated into daughter cells.These groundbreaking findings challenge traditional concepts of bacterial cells. The scientists reveal how these characteristics, along with the compartmentalization of genomic material and ribosomes in translationally active organelles, indicate a gain of complexity in the Thiomargarita lineage.Don't miss this intriguing episode exploring the boundaries of what we know about bacterial cells and their potential complexity.Keywords: Dr. Gros, Dr. Volland, Candidatus Thiomargarita magnifica, Megabacterium, Polyploid cells, Bacterial cell complexity, Genome sequencing, Asymmetric segregation, Microscopy.A centimeter-long bacterium with DNA contained in metabolically active, membrane-bound organelles https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb3634

The phenomenon of migration is not only about physical movement from one location to another; it also involves the journey of the mind. In this enlightening episode, Dr. Ezenwa Olumba takes us through the concept of cognitive migration, sharing his personal experiences as an individual living abroad in the UK but feeling cognitively attached to his ancestral home in Igbo land.Dr. Olumba presents the unique concept of cognitive immobility, exemplifying the internal conflict between longing for a place, the emotions of belonging to it, and the simultaneous desire to maintain a distance from it. It's about being physically mobile while feeling trapped in a particular place in the mind. As he pushes for the recognition of this cognitive experience in migration studies, Dr. Olumba offers a new perspective to view experiences that have not received sufficient attention in the past. This episode is a valuable contribution to our understanding of cognitive migration processes and the emotional and mental experiences of those participating in human mobility.Join us for this unique exploration of the less-examined aspects of migration and their implications on our understanding of human mobility.Keywords: Dr. Ezenwa Olumba, cognitive migration, cognitive immobility, autoethnography, Igbo land, United Kingdom, migration studies, human mobility, mental journey.The homeless mind in a mobile world: An autoethnographic approach on cognitive immobility in international migration. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354067X221111456

We usually think of an electron as having one form of kinetic energy, but what if it could have more? In this episode, we delve into the exciting world of electron interactions with Dr. Vianez, whose groundbreaking research focuses on the kinetic energy of an electron's spin and charge by exciting other electrons in a one-dimensional (1D) setting.Dr. Vianez's work builds upon the Tomonaga-Luttinger model, a theory that successfully captures the physics of interacting electrons in 1D at low energies. However, experiments extending beyond this linear regime have been scarce. Through detailed tunneling spectroscopy measurements in 1D gated wires, Dr. Vianez and his team have observed separate Fermi seas for spin and charge excitations, challenging the traditional understanding of electron energy.In addition, the team uncovered the emergence of two 1D "replica" modes, shedding light on a new dimension of electron interaction. Furthermore, they manipulated the interaction strength, altering the level of 1D intersubband screening and offering unprecedented insights into electron behavior.This episode not only deepens our understanding of spin-charge separation in the entire energy band outside the low-energy limit of the Tomonaga-Luttinger model but also helps define the boundary of the newer, nonlinear Tomonaga-Luttinger theory. Tune in as we journey into the intricate world of electrons with Dr. Vianez, pushing the boundaries of our understanding of quantum physics.Keywords: Dr. Vianez, electron kinetic energy, Tomonaga-Luttinger model, spin-charge separation, one-dimensional gated wires, tunneling spectroscopy, Fermi seas, intersubband screening, nonlinear Tomonaga-Luttinger theory.Observing separate spin and charge Fermi seas in a strongly correlated one-dimensional conductor https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm2781